b 



(i664 




z 



^ 





> » 



^^^■^-^•> ■>'■•- 

< S -> '^ ^> ^^'^ ^- 

^ ^ P ^ -^ >^>> >j:> 

. > :» • :_ 



i> ->..J> 






j> z> -» "^ >-:> > .:» 









>->3 > _ 



► > :> > 












> 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 







'.^^ 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 






o > 



> >>> 



3 J> 



5 r:> 






■ ^-> 






~> 3l>>> 


> 


j>m> 




> ■'2»> > 


> 


3!L»'>' 


~> 


:>:>>» 



2> ^ ) 35> 



J> '■ ■ •>■ 


>£>■ 


> ^ J> V ^.iJ* 


>3 


^> ) »>>' 


?:> 


":> ) >, r,* 


^t> 


> » 


■> 


> >» 


1> 


:> ^ j» 


y 


j> > ^ » 


y>- 




"S. 




3^ 






:3P 















.33. :r> -;> ^^* 



■,Z»> >->■ ^:^ ':^ ^ -^ —- 

•■ :> 3:3^ ^> -^^ <^ ^ — - 

^ > — >^> ^3 0&'^> > --> 






:2> >> 



> 3 


^ > 


:> 


> 


T> :> r 


z> 


-» ::> 


^ ^ 


r> 


">^ ":^:> 


:> > 


::> 




^ ^^ 


:r> 


3> D 3 


^ 


■>; ■> r 


DO > > ::^ 


■ J /i) T" 


>5 > .:>"IZ> 


>> ^ 


^3> ^^-^ 


■ >."»■ " 


;:5) >D'i:s 


>» 


■3> . ^^-:>'t^ 


;.^2)> 


^3D ^53 


"2>5 ' 


'^sD >^>:i> 


-:3^~ 


:r» ^ :^:> 


.:3>> 


z:x> !:> 


3> 


z> ^53 


^^x^ 


Z> i> 


0)> 


I> a> 


:)^> 


>> J^ 


> >> 


>> Z3 


>:) , 


>> ^13 . 


> 


53 ■^n> 


:> 


^> >> 


> 


z> ^5:> * 






:3> a> . 

:3> D> :> :> : 






T-^,3 

x>3 



:j^^ 



*>■>>>■ 


















>!::> 23 >1> 



r>>3 

3^i^ 









3» ; 



► >^ 

► ,^") 

► >^ 

30> 
3> 
::>::) 
33 
>3 
d3 
^3 
>^3 

3 3 :: 






3S^ 



33I3*v3>~I 

»'>t:3»>3o~: 






3> 
^ .:> 

3x> 



3> 3^ 

:3 S> 
3> J3 
■^3 >3 

— >r> 

> 33 

, ■ ^^:^ 
:>> ^>3> 



^:33'' 
3>13 

;3>=s>" 

"3>^%>' 
3>;ag>^ 



Z)> ^ 



33> 






^^' 



J>1J> 
33 
> •>►> 3 -^ -^ ,_^^ '^'^^3 

_ ?>> 'ZZ> >>3 

O'^^^ >l3>^ ^£> 

>>33>">^^ 33^ 

>:>^3> ">^:^ :d3 

i>^3> :»i 

► ":>'-3> >":>^ 

)3 _> >:;3 :>::>:: 

- — . .> ^::> . :>:>'! 

> 33r^ 
3:)l3 
3333 J 

^ ' ^ '.>::::>■ '^z:! 
::3> y::> :> ^z> 3 



>3 3 3> 

33 



i::^ ._3»^ 

^:3>3- 



> 3 23> 3 :> 23 

:> > iiz> :^ :> >L> 

Vr> > 3^> -^> 3> 3^3 
■^y > 3 3> .3> 3^^> 



^ 



THE 



puritan Cnnspirarij 



The Pilgrim Fathers 



CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. 



1624. 



4 




BOSTON, MASS. 
CUPPLES, UPHAM & CO., 283 WASHINGTON STREET. 
1883. 



% oc 



<t^' 



"A people which takes no jiiide in the noble achievements of remote an- 
cestors, will never achieve anything worthy to be remembered with pride by 
remote descendants." — Macaulay, Hist. England. 

"The founders of dynasties have hitherto commanded the world's most 
noisy plaudits; but the time will come, when the men who have created 
happy republics, will be thought worthy of higher praise." — Palfrey, Hist, 
of New England. 



^-^ 



Vox Populi Press : Copyright : 

Huse, Goodwin <5r» Co., i 8 8 j , 

Lowell, Mass. />> Johu A. Goodwin. 



TO THE 



ff)onornble ^lannbn* f). Bice, 



AMID ARDUOUS MERCANTILE CARES, COMBINED WITH LONG AND FAITHFUI, 
SERVICE IN THE COUNCILS OF THE NATION, 

AND IN THAT HIGH POSITION WHICH COMBINES THE OFFICES OF 

William Bradford a n d J o h n W i n t h r o p , 

AND WHILE SERVING WITH EQUAL ZEAL 

A church zuhere sits a bishop, 
" And a state without a king" 

HAS FOUND TIME FOR LOVING VISITS TO 

Wm ©ratjes of the ^tlarim iFatlieis, 

FOR THE ADORNMENT OF THEIR ANCIENT HOME AND THE PUBLIC 
COMMEMORATION OF THEIR VIRTUES, 

%\lt$t Images arc ^cspcctfullji ^ebicatcl). 



" Truly his younger brother shall be greater than he, and his seed shall become 
a multitude of nations." — Gen. xlviii. iq. 

" The archers have sorely grieved him, and shot at him, and hated him : but 
his bow abode in strength." — Gen. xlix. 2S, 24. 

" ' Master, we saw one casting out devils in thy name; and we forbade him, 
because he followeth not with us.' And Jesus said unto him — 'Forbid him not: 
for he that is not against us, is for us.' " — Luke ix. 4(), jo. 



INTRODUCTION. 



Under James I, the English Protestants were of three classes, —the Con- 
formists, or High Ritualists ; the Nonconformists, or Puritans ; the Separatists, 
generally called " Brownists." The Conformists adopted all the rites and pag- 
eantry then retained by the Church of England, and asked for more rather 
than less. The Puritans, while refusing conformity to some of these ceremonies 
which they thought superstitious, adhered firmly to the same body, claiming it 
as the only true church, and defending its creed, polity, and discipline with 
a zeal quite equal to that of the dominant Conformists. The thorough-going 
Separatists denied that the state church was a Christian body, or that its 
ministrations and ordinances were of any validity. They claimed their own 
little congregations to be the only really Christian churches; and these bodies, 
absolutely independent even of one another, they held to owe no ecclesiastical 
obedience to any person, council, or other authority, between the majority of 
the members and the Divine Head. 

The Conformists included the King and the authorities i^f -^ church, who 
exercised lawless and tyrannical powers with remorseless vigor. The Puritans 
had control of the House of Commons, and were strong in literary and mer- 
cantile circles, as well as with the gentry and the middle classes generally. 
They hoped to finally gain control of the Church of England; and they were 
therefore the more zealous that its revenues, powers, and unity should be unim- 
paired. They counted among their leaders, Henry, Prince of Wales; and but 
for his* early death (1612), it is believed that, in 1625, the Church of England 
would have become a Puritan body, much in sentiment like rigid Low-Church- 
men of to-day. With a Puritan Henry IX, it is not probable that there would 
have been a Commonwealth, a Revolution, or a Brunswick succession; and it 
is certain that the effect on New England colonization would have been most 
unfavorable. 

The Conformist oligarchy fitfully persecuted the Puritans, but with steady 
cruelty pursued the " Brownists." The Puritans joined in harassing the latter 
(whom their House of Commons had previously voted to banish under penalty 
of death) ; and now so traduced them to the continental Protestants, that, in 



6 Till'. ITRI'IAN ('ONSFIRA(:V. 

their foreign refuges, tl>c Sciiaratisi exiles received none of the sympathy and 
assistance so readily bestowed on fugitive Puritans. Very few Puritans, and 
those the more aggressive preachers, were driven from their country. The great 
body remained at home, hopeful of a change, and full of animosity against the 
" Brownists " as enemies of the true church. 

The Pilgrim Fathers, while in England, had been of the Separatist class, 
but in Holland they had followed John Robinson into Independency, so that 
they have been called Semi-separatists. They came to regard the Church of 
England, and the Presbyterian, Lutheran, Dutch Calvinist, and Huguenot bodies, 
all as branches of the church of Christ, to welcome godly members of them 
to their sacramental table, and to hold baptism by any of these orders as valid 
and sufficient. In short, the rigid Separatists declared for or against a man 
according to his church; and the Independents judged him, not by his name 
and affiliation, but by his individual piety. 

In 1620, Thomas Weston, of London, as a business venture, formed a stock 
company of some seventy Adventurers, for the purpose of planting the Pilgrims 
in America, and for seven years sharing the profits of the plantation. These 
Adventurers, like nearly all the mercantile people of England, were of Puritan 
proclivities ; * and they seem, on gathering from Weston that the Pilgrims were 
not of the despised "Brownists," to have hastily inferred that they were in 
some degree inclined to Episcopal ways.t During the colony's first year, the 
Adventurers apparently found that, unlike themselves, the Pilgrims were not 
Puritans, and thereupon they took measures to prevent the emigration of Pastor 
Robinson or his leading associates. 

The spi^s of the malcontent Puritan Adventurers soon notified them that 
a great many t'-ie people of Plymouth were not members of the Pilgrim 
church, and were ready for a different order of things. Some of the Puritan 
clergy (" namly, ye forward preachers") t who had a great " hank " over the 
Adventurers, began to think that the new colony would "grow into an eligible 
place for themselves. This feeling, joined to the religious zeal of the other 
members, induced an effort to overthrow the Independent (or Congregational) 
rule already established at Plymouth Rock, and to substitute some measure 
of the Church of England practices. This great Puritan Conspiracy of 1624, 
is the subject of the following pages. 

* Bradford's Hist. Plym., 197, sect. 3 — "oui }: Bradford's Hist. Plym., 166. Do., 157, 5th 

church," /. e. Ch. of England. line, etc. 

t Bradford's Hist. Plyni., \()^, lines ii-iq; [All uncredited quotations in the following 

also, sect. 2. pages are from Hradford.] 



THE PURITAN CONSPIRACY. 



In 1623, there came in the Anne, to Plymouth, Master John Oldham 
with his wife and eight other persons, not to unite with the colonists, 
but for security to live as near as might be permitted, while managing 
their affairs in their own way. The colonists were " generals " ; these 
people were "particulars." The Pilgrims, however, kindly gave the 
new-comers an invitation to live in their village, and share equally in 
its advantages, which was accepted. Oldham was an uneducated man 
and a blusterer, but he had native ability, and the social position 
indicated by the title of " Master." It is probable that the malcontent 
Adventurers had sent him to aid in organizing against the Congrega- 
tional (or Independent) rule, the elements of disaffection which Robert 
Hicks and others had secretly reported to exist in strength. 

During the ensuing winter, some slight show of discontent was 
caused by Oldham's counsels, but it was at once ended by Bradford's 
offer to change any one who wished, from a " general " to a " particular." 
This ended the trouble, for the petitioners had small desire for a change 
if they were free to make it. Still, a small faction was kept together 
by Oldham's assurance that a strong section of the Adventurers would 
see that no more supplies reached the colony, and would soon place 
the "particulars" in full power. It was therefore with much surprise 
that, in March (1624), they saw the ship Charity arrive, bringing 
Winslow home with ample supplies, a stock of neat cattle (of which 
there had before been none), a shipwright, and a salt-maker. She also 
brought a series of complaints, made by some returned " particulars," 
and Bradford was called upon to answer them. They were briefly as 
follows : — 

There was much religious controversy in the colony ; family exercises 
on Sunday were neglected ; both sacraments were disused ; children 
were not catechised, or even taught to read ; the water was not whole- 
some ; the ground was barren, and would not bear grass ; the climate 
Vvas such that salt would not preserve fish, and there was hardly a fish 



8 11 IK PUKITAN CONSriKACW 

or wild fowl to be found; thieves abounded, and so did wolves and 
foxes ; the Dutch were intruding on the trade ; and, finally, the people 
were much troubled with mosquitoes ! 

When the ship returned^ some months later, Bradford sent his reply, 
which was a mixture of gravity and satire : — 

From the beginning, down, there had been known no controversy, 
public or private, on religious matters ; any neglect of family duties 
on the Lord's day would be rebuked, if known ; that they were de- 
prived of their pastor and his ministration of the sacraments, w'as 
grievous, for when with him, they had the communion every Sunday ; 
the children generally were taught in private families, and the colony 
desired at once to begin a "common school," for which a teacher and 
due support had been heretofore lacking ; the water was " as good as 
any in the world," though not like the beer and wine of London which 
the grumblers " so dearly love " ; in England was no such grass, and 
the cattle were already " fatt as need be," and would there were one 
animal for each hundred the grass would keep ; the matter of fish was 
too absurd, in view of the great fishing-fleet which visited the coast 
every year ; sundry thieves who had come in there, had " smarted well 
for it," but if London had reared no thieves, none of them would have 
got over to trouble this colony ; foxes and wolves were in many good 
countries, but poison and traps would thin them ; if the Dutch with 
commendable energy were getting a strong hold now, they would get 
Plymouth too, if the plantation should be broken up ; and, finally, men 
who could not endure the biting of a mosquito, were too delicate for 
founding colonies ; but this pest was really no greater than in every 
new place, and in time would scarcely exist. 

Soon after this arrival, Master Oldham went to the authorities with 
the confession that he had " done them wrong both by word and deed, 
and by writing into England." He had been assured that no further 
succor would be sent to the colony, but the large supplies by the 
Charity showed the "eminent hand of God" to be with them; his 
heart smote him, and those in England should no longer use him for 
their purposes ; he begged that the past be forgotten, and himself 
regarded as one of them in all things. So generous was Oldham's 
forgiveness, that he was even invited to meet regularly with the gov- 
ernor's council of five. He was probably sincere at the time, and his 
co-operation restored universal harmony. 

The Charity had also brought Master John Lyford, a Church-of- 
England preacher of the Puritan section, and also his wife and some 
four children. The plotting Adventurers had selected him as their 
agent. Winslow and Cushman, who knew nothing of him, had op- 
posed his going, but finally yielded for the sake of peace, writing 
home that they thought him "an honest,.plain man, though none of 



THE PLOT SUSPECTED. g 

the most eminent and rare." They had, however, arranged that he 
should have no pastoral position until the church should see fit to 
choose him to one. Of course, neither they nor their comrades ever 
dreamed of the conspiracy already on foot. So Lyford came at the 
colony's charge, and was not only housed, given an over-proportion of 
provisions, and provided with a servant, but, like Oldham and Elder 
Brewster, was invited to sit with the council. Lyford at once made 
his hosts ashamed — 

" he so bowed and cringed unto them, and would have kissed their 
hands if they would have suffered him ; yea, he wept and shed many 
tears, blessing God that had brought him to see their faces, and 
admiring the things they had done in their wants." 

Soon he professed a conversion to Congregationalism, and making 
" a large confession of faith," he obtained membership in their church. 
He offered to altogether renounce his Episcopal ordination, and 
declared that he should consider himself no minister unless his new 
church should re-ordain«him ; but Elder Brewster caused him to stop 
forthwith, assuring him that the Pilgrim flock required no such thing 
of its members as that they separate from the Church of England, but 
only that they separate from the world, and leave church names to 
care for themselves.* Still, though Lyford was not permitted to re- 
pudiate his Episcopal calling, he continued to bewail the alleged cor- 
ruptions with which he said it had entangled him, and which burdened 
his conscience ; and he blessed God that he had now freedom to 
enjoy His ordinances in their purity among His people. Although 
not chosen pastor, he preached in turn with Elder Brewster, and all 
went very smoothly. 

After some weeks, it was noticed that Lyford and Oldham were 
having much privacy with many of those not considered in sympathy 
with the church, and especially with the profane and less reputable 
attaches of the plantation, like John Billington ; and that a faction 
was forming under their direction. As the Charity was about to go 
home, it was noticed that Lyford was writing a great number of let- 
ters, and in that connection was often whispering to his coarse, low 
followers, things which seemed to give them much secret amusement. 
With the disaffection already among the Adventurers, there would be 
very great danger to the colony if a new series of slanders should now 
be sent to England uncontradicted, and work its mischief for a whole 

*" Neither require we of any of ours, with the ChurcTi of England." — John 
in the confession of their faith, that they Robinson ; "Apology," 52. 
cither renounce or in one word contest 



lO TIIK rUKITAN CONSl'IRACV. 

year before it could be known at Plymouth, and refuted in the ordi- 
nary course of things. The case required the exercise of a power 
which in like danger has been, and still is, exercised by all govern- 
ments ; and the council decided that these mysterious letters must be 
examined. Capt. William Peirce, of the Charity, was an earnest friend 
to the colony and ready to co-operate.* 

When the ship sailed, Bradford went in her, towing a boat for his 
return. Edward Winslow was on board, on his way to England as the 
colony's agent. Peirce having produced the letters, there were found 
to be more than twenty from Lyford, filled with malicious falsehood, 
in furtherance of a plan for the " ruin and utter subversion " of the 
colony. Oldham was a poor writer and had sent little ; but some third 
person had notified a friend that Mr. Lyford and Mr. Oldham in- 
tended a reformation in church and commonwealth, and that so soon 
as the ship had gone, they would begin by forming a new congrega- 
tion. Of most of these letters copies were taken, and the originals 
sent forward ; but to prevent Lyford's denying the genuineness of the 
correspondence, some of the worst originals 'were retained, and true 
copies sent. 

After Lyford and his family had embarked at Gravesend for Amer- 
ica, Winslow had left in the cabin a letter from himself to Pastor 
Robinson, and one from an English friend to Elder Brewster. Ly- 
ford, already at work as a spy, had purloined these letters, copied 
them, and resealing them, had restored them to their place without 
discovery. The copies with "scurrilous and flouting annotations," he 
was now sending to his friend, John Pemberton, a Puritan minister, 
and the colony's " adversary." These papers were also taken for 
evidence. Having transacted this business, and left Winslow and 
Peirce to look after the case in England, Bradford returned in his 
boat. His errand had been suspected, and the conspirators expected 
to be called to account ; but when weeks went by with no sign, they 
concluded that the governor had only made a parting call on his 
friend Peirce, and was still not only without any evidence of their 
conspiracy, but without any suspicion of it. 

As they supposed their faction able to sway a majority of votes in 
town-meeting, they began in a skirmishing way to pick quarrels with 
the officers, and to show "great malignancy." Thus, Oldham, when 
civilly called to take his turn to watch, refused obedience to the cap- 
tain, upon whom he drew a knife, calling him a "rascal," a "beggarly 

* In 1776, the Committee of Safety, at On one occasion, at least, they publicly 
Boston, opened all letters coming from announced the information as " by an 
Halifax, addressed to tory inhabitants. intercepted letter." 



THE COURT OF THE PEOPLE. j I 

rascal." The governor sending to have the noise stilled, Oldham 
'' ramped more like a beast than a man, and called them all traitors 
and rebels, and other such foul language/' says Bradford, " as I am 
ashamed to remember." But Oldham yielded when " clapt up " for a 
little while. He seems to have expected a popular demonstration in 
his favorj and to have found not one voice raised in his behalf. Next, 
the original plan was tried. On a Sunday, Lyford, ignoring the pub- 
lic worship, assembled his followers, and held a meeting under that 
ordination which he had so recently disclaimed and denounced in 
the public assembly. Pains seem to have been taken to make the 
schism especially offensive, with "insolent carriages," which are not 
described. 

The sedition had broken out in the very way foretold in one of the 
letters, and it behooved the government to act for self-preservation, 
before the entering wedge should be followed by a second. A "court" 
of the whole company, or a town-meeting, was called. It probably 
was held in the fort-church on the hill, and little imagination is needed 
to picture the assembly : Bradford presides, with his council sitting by 
him on the platform ; Standish acts as marshal, and as is done at the 
Sunday gatherings in that place, a quarter of the men come in military 
order, fully armed ; a sentinel is kept day and night on the roof of the 
church, where the artillery is ranged behind a rampart, and his tread 
is heard in the intervals of business ; some 80 men of the colony are 
present, with several full-grown lads and a few visiting strangers, of 
whom nothing is known to us ; many of those present are full of won- 
der as to the object of the meeting, and some who know of it, like 
good Deacon Fuller, the surgeon, feel sure that Brother Lyford will 
set himself right ; the governor is fearful as to the extent of the defec- 
tion among the many voters outside the colony's church ; and the 
arch-conspirators, counting on a majority, confident that there is no 
positive evidence of their plot, are bold and hopeful ; throughout the 
meeting generally, there is a pent-up excitement, with a feverish" 
anxiety as to the mysterious something about to take place. 

In opening, Bradford in general terms charged Lyford and Oldham 
with plotting to destroy the government. They both made a square 
denial, and indignantly demanded his proof. They were referred to 
what had been publicly seen of their actions. Oldham was reminded 
that he had come, not as a colonist, but on his private account ; yet 
he and his had been taken into the village, which they had not 
expected ; and in trying to bring ruin on those who in his days of 
weakness had so kindly received him to their homes and councils, he 
was guilty of ingratitude as well as treachery. Lyford, with a large 



12 THE PURITAN CONSPIRACV. 

family, had been brought over and maintained at the i)ublic expense, 
and by his own seeking he was in church-membership witli them ; for 
him to plot their ruin, was most perfidious. 

The culprits supposing that Bradford had put in his whole case, 
were probably surprised that he had discovered nothing definite. 
Lyford then proceeded to renew his denial, declaring that he knew 
nothing of the colony's English enemies, or their plans, nor had he 
any relations whatever with them ; and that he should be suspected 
of any collusion with them, filled him with astonishment. Then, for 
the first time, his letters were produced ; and some having been read 
before the men who had so often heard in that place his prayers and 
sermons, he stood convicted of treachery, knavery, hypocrisy, and 
persistent lying. The sudden exposure overwhelmed him, and he 
became speechless. But Oldham's courage rose with the emergency, 
and he determined to try immediate conclusions with the government. 
Denouncing the opening of his letters and threatening revenge, he 
sought to rally his friends by imperiously shouting, " My masters, 
where are your hearts ? Now show your courage ! You have often 
complained to me, thus and so ! Now is the time ! If }ou will do 
anything, I will stand by you ! " Many restless but not ill-meaning 
spirits had been flattered by the confidential manners of Oldham and 
Lyford ; but now that the plot was unmasked, they recoiled. Others 
who would not have been unfavorable to a successful rebellion, had 
no inclination to a losing side. So when Oldham, at the close of his 
vehement call, stood before the assembly and glared at his recent 
associates, not one voice was raised in his favor. A dead silence was 
the effectual answer. 

Bradford then demanded Lyford's opinion as to the propriety of 
opening the suspected letters. The culprit knew that the two copies 
he had surreptitiously made of Winslow's letters, must be in Bradford's 
package, and would condemn him if he should censure Bradford's 
act ; so he remained silent. The governor then explained to the 
people the necessity of this seizure of correspondence, — that he might 
ward ofi the "mischief and ruin" which the "conspiracy" sought to 
bring on " this poor colony." He then caused one of his associates 
to read all the letters, and exhibit those in Lyford's handj and also to 
show the manner in which Lyford had opened the letters of others. 
The public astonishment now increased. 

These letters, in much detail, charged official wastefulness, negli- 
gence, caprice, and general mismanagement of the joint-stock inter- 
ests. One accusation drew from Bradford a very interesting declara- 
tion, and one doubly important from the publicity with which it was 



LYFORD CALLS FOR RECRUITS. 1 3 

now made. Lyford had written that the church would have none 
remain in Plymouth but Separatists. Bradford denounced this asser- 
tion as "a false calumniation"; he called attention to the fact, that 
there were then present many citizens that were not Separatists and 
who were highly esteemed, the colony being "glad of their company" 
and desirous of receiving any like them. This statement, joined to 
Lyford's claim that the non-Separatists were in the majority, will give 
many readers a new idea of Pilgrim toleration. It is a curious fact, 
that Lyford charged the Plymouth authorities with discouraging the 
non-churchmembers from attending worship, even on Sunday, and 
with resenting his endeavor to get the people generally to attend the 
preaching. Bradford actually felt called upon to refute this, and to 
show that church-going was compulsory. The unfriends of the Pil- 
grim Fathers, in those days, generally inveighed against them as being 
lax themselves, and as shamefully neglecting to enforce religious 
observances and instruction on their associates and subordinates. It 
was little thought that two hundred and sixty years later, the self-same 
Pilgrims would be the subject of halting, shame-faced apology from 
their own descendants, as having exceeded their generation in rigidity 
of doctrine and severity of practice ! 

Lyfoid also urged his English principals to hurry over all the 
settlers they could ; even servants should be made shareholders, at 
least in form ; but Robinson and his people must be kept back, and 
for fear of their private embarkation, neither Winslow nor Peirce 
should longer go in the ship. Thus could he gain colonists enough 
to vote down and suppress the Congregational element. If a captain 
whom they had spoken of, should come over "as a general," — /. e. 
one of the general colonists, — he would be chosen commander; 
"for," said Lyford, "this Captain Standish looks like a silly boy, and 
is in utter contempt." (This passage may have caused a smile, but 
probably not on the face of the choleric little captain.) If these rein- 
forcements did not come, Lyford and his friends must move to a 
place across the harbor, or fuse with the original settlers — vce ?iobis ! 

Lyford was then urged to produce any evidence, however slight, to 
sustain even the least of his charges ; and he and his friends were 
offered every opportunity to do this, or to present any other complaint 
or grievance. They were reminded that all the men of the colony 
were present, and therefore any witnesses they could name, would at 
once appear. The governor desired that he and his associates should 
not be spared in any respect, if any one had anything to say against 
their conduct. The opportunity was full and free, and there were 
impartial strangers present to listen. But no one responded, until 
2 



14 



TIIK PURITAN' CONSPIRACY. 



Lyford, in a liiinible tone, began to say that certain rf)niplainants 
had ahuscil his confidence and led him to misuse his real friends ; 
and he accused liillington and others of decei\ ing him. These men 
earnestly denied his statements, and protested that he was wronging 
them ; they had indeed been drawn into some of his meetings, but 
had refused their consent to his conspiracies. Probably Lyford was 
then beginning to tell the truth ; l)ut those whom he had taught to be 
false to their own brethren, were not the men to stand by him in his 
disgrace. 

It was a fearful humiliation to the university-trained divine, when 
publicly denounced as a traitor and a liar by a vulgar brawler like 
Billington, to know that such men as Bradford and Brewster, Fuller 
and Warren, Standish, Rowland, Alden, and Prence, all believed his 
low-lived accuser, whom they despised much less than they did him- 
self. Bradford then summed up Lyford's knavery and hypocrisy, 
especially in religious matters, and fully set forth what had been 
proved in the case. Oldham had some conscience, but no shame. 
Lyford, technically a gentleman, though conscienceless, had a class 
pride ; and as he stood, the focus of all eyes, so thoroughly convicted 
that not a voice uttered a word in his favor, the ignominy over- 
whelmed him. One may imagine the disgust of the stalwart Oldham, 
when his fellow-conspirator burst into tears, and began to bewail and 
confess to the meeting that his letters were " false and naught both 
for matter and manner'' ; that he feared he was a reprobate ; that his 
sins were so great as to make him doubt of God's pardon ; and that 
he was " unsavory salt." 

The meeting quickly rendered its verdict, but it is not known 
whether there were any dissenting votes.* The sentence was, that 
Oldham be banished forthwith ; but that his family might remain till 
he had a comfortable home for them. Lyford was to go at the end of 
six months; but it was really intended to pardon him, if his repentance 
should seem genuine. He promptly took occasion, before the church, 
to more fully confess his wrong-doing, shedding abundant tears, and 
charging himself with envy and malice towards his brethren ; he said 
he had counted on the great body of the people to help him carry his 
points with violence, and God might justly charge him with shedding 
innocent blood, for he knew not what might have come, had not his 
writings been stayed, and he blessed God that they were stopped ; 
God might justly make him a vagabond, like Cain. His effusive con- 

* Roger Conant and other nicnil)crs were not colonists, and tlu'icfnic nut 
of Oldham's company of " j^articidars," voters in the town-nieclint;. 



LVFORI) RKTRAC'l'S IILS RETRACTION. 1 5 

trition produced such a sentiment in his favor that he was permitted 
to resume preaching ; and warm-hearted Deacon Fuller, and others, 
declared a readiness to sue on their knees for his pardon. The 
stormy sky became once more serene ; but in a few weeks, from that 
clear sky there dropped a thunderbolt. 

About September ist, when that calamitous craft, the Little James, 
was ready to return to London, one of her company brought to the 
governor a letter which Lyford was seeking to forward by him. Self- 
preservation required an examination of this missive ; and forthwith 
was revealed an astonishing depth of depravity. Lyford was now, 
with many professions of pious concern, assuring the malcontent Ad- 
venturers that his forgiving hosts at Plymouth were full of " indirect 
courses " and '^ injurious dealing " towards them, and were audacious 
to "darken ye truth " with "great pretenses " and equivocation in many 
things. " Ye church (as they call themselves)," though " ye smallest 
number in the colon}-," deprived the majority of the means of salva- 
tion, and held to no ministry for the conversion of the people gener- 
ally, and poor souls were complaining of it with tears to him, and he 
was under censure for preaching" to all comers. As to his former let- 
ters, which he had so often and so tearfully recanted and denounced 
before his congregation, he now said : — 

" I suppose my letters, or at least the copies of them, are come to 
your hands, for so they here report ; which if it be so, I pray you take 
notice of this, that I have written nothing but what is certainly true/" 

Once more, the governor wrote a long defense of the colony, and 
sent it with the letter, as well as a full exposure of Lyford's acts. 
This last letter, of course, ended all thought of pardon ; but another 
result of it was startling. Mrs. Lyford, a worthy matron, was so mor- 
bidly affected, that in her distraction she went to one of the deacons 
and made frightful revelations as to her husband's licentiousness, 
before and after marriage. While he was a suitor, she had a hint 
that he had contracted parental responsibilities, but he satisfied her 
scruples by taking an oath that he was not guilty ; yet after marriage, 
the story not only proved true, but the child was brought to their 
home for support. And afterwards, her constant vigilance over her 
maid-servants had been required on his account, and had not always 
been effectual. She confirmed her statements before some other per- 
sons, and was overcome by the fear that a judgment was pursuing her 
on her husband's account. Lyford remained at Plymouth during the 
winter, probably living still from the public stores ; he then joined 
Oldham, who was domiciled at Nantasket (Hull), where were some 



I 6 THE PURITAN CONSPIRACY. 

straggling settlers. Strange to say, some of their former friends 
remained steadfast, and voluntarily removed with them. Among 
these was Roger Conant, who became the brave and worthy founder 
of Salem, and who seems, at this time, to have been so rigid against 
Separatists, that he could in preference condone Lyford's wickedness 
and accept his ministrations. 

In March, 1625, Oldham, in defiance of his sentence, sailed into 
Plymouth with some strangers, and soon began to assail the people 
with such abusive language, that even his comrades rebuked him ; but 
all reproofs were as " oyle to ye fire," and he went on in " his mad 
fury " denouncing the settlers as " a hundred rebels and traitors." 
The madman was committed until his senses had returned. Then 
he was led to his boat between two rows of musketeers, each as he 
]xassed expediting him by an ignominious " thump " with a gun ; and 
at his embarkation they bade him "goe and mende his maners." 

So thoroughly did Oldham absorb public attention, that no one 
noticed the arrival from England of the ship Jacob ; and when Old- 
ham was about running the gauntlet, Winslow landed with Master 
William Peirce, entirely unobserved until they appeared in the crowd. 
They soon made an addition to the excitement. On reaching Lon- 
don, the last summer, with their report of Lyford's acts, they had 
been violently assailed by his friends, who declared it a great scandal 
that " a minister, a man so godly," should be so aspersed ; and a suit 
for slander was threatened. At length, a hearing was had before a 
meeting of the Adventurers, at which two moderators jointly presided, 
— Lyford's friends choosing Mr. White, a lawyer, and his opponents 
selecting Mr. Hooker, a preacher, both eminent men. The case 
attracted a crowd of outside partisans. 

In the course of the meeting, Winslow, in some warmth, said that 
Lyford had " dealt knavishly." Upon that, Lyford's friends broke 
out, demanding that those present witness that Winslow had '' cald a 
minister of ye gospell knave'' and they would " prosecute law upon 
it." When the tumult had abated, Winslow called to the stand two 
strangers, who had been made known to him. They were from 
Lyford's Puritan parish in the t:nglish pale of Ireland. He was there 
guilty of an especially flagrant act, involving the betrayal of a young 
parishioner who was intending marriage with another of his flock, and 
his then promoting the union. The victim being driven by remorse 
to confession, Lyford fled in fear of retribution, and reached England 
in time to be picked up and sent to Plymouth by the Adventurers, 
who of course knew nothing of this transaction. These two "godly 
and grave" gentlemen having very modestly but clearly given the par- 



EPISCOPAL SALEM. 



17 



ticulars, Lyford's friends became mute with shame. The moderators 
then joined in deciding that Lyford's conduct at Plymouth had fully 
justified his condemnation there ; but what had now come to light, 
proved his unfitness for the ministry forever after, no matter what 
repentance he might express. The subject was then dismissed ; but 
the ill-feeling not only survived, but caused the Adventurers to fall 
apart, so that the great majority wholly abandoned the colony's 
interests. 

Not many months after Lyford's withdrawal to Nantasket, that 
worthy Puritan divine. White, at the English Dorchester, heard thai 
the exiles had left Plymouth through some distaste of Separation. 
To Puritan prejudice, this seemed a quite sufficient recommendation. 
In 1623, White (through the Dorchester company) had caused four- 
teen of the fishermen to winter at Cape Ann (Gloucester) • the next 
year (1624), he gave the place the character of a settlement ; in 1625, 
he provided it with twelve neat cattle, and he invited Lyford to go 
there as pastor, Roger Conant as superintendent, and Oldham as 
overseer of trade. The first two went, but Oldham preferred trading 
on his own account. At the end of 1625, this plantation, which had 
sunk ^^3420, was abandoned. Conant, taking a few of the men and the 
outfit, then founded what is now Salem, Lyford going as their minister 
and serving as such until 1629. Some readers may be surprised to 
learn that for the first three years of its existence, that ancient town 
worshipped exclusively in the form of the Church of England, as also 
at that time did all the scattered settlers around Boston Bay. 

Thus ended the great Puritan conspiracy against the church which 
the Pilgrims had planted with such heroic sacrifices, and watered with 
such sacred tears ; and against that government which they had 
planted on the principle then novel among rulers, — the equality of 
all men before the law. Plymouth lost something by the withdrawal 
of a few men like Roger Conant, and by the enmity of the Adven- 
turers; bat she gained much more by the increased zeal of those who 
remained ; for many who had hitherto stood aloof from her religious 
organization, felt called upon to rally to its defense and join in its 
membership ; and all felt a new respect for their government, gen- 
erally so mild, but which had proved so vigorous in the time of peril 
Thus came it, that this momentous year of 1624, closed on a scene of 
harmony which was long to continue. 

\\'hat might have been, had Lyford's place been filled by some 
liberal, worthy churchman ? It is hardly probable that Plymouth's 
ceremonials — her formal informality — had become very firmly fixed. 
It is certain that in Holland the Pilgrims had invited to their com- 



1 8 



TFIK I'UKirAN CONSI'IKACV. 



immioii all pious-inindcd Episcopalians, Lutherans, and Calvinisls of 
various kinds, welcoming them as brethren of one great household ; 
Robinson in his farewell remarks had suggested the employment of 
some Nonconformist minister by his people during his absence, and 
had advised them to seek union with the gotily part of the English 
churchmen, — advice in which he was consistent, for it is recorded that 
he honored the godly ministers of the Church of England " above all 
other the professors of religion," for " his spirit cleaved unto them," 
and he urged "sweet communion" with them.* Already in Plymouth 
were many " not of the Separation," and, as Bradford records, the 
Pilgrims "were glad of their company." Might not such a congrega- 
tion have slowly yielded in externals to a ministry of united wisdom, 
strength, love, and devotion? But unfortunately^ those ordinances 



NoTK I. Lyfoid (about 1629) went 
to a Virginia parish, and soon after died. 
His widow returned with her children 
to New England, where she was ever 
respected, and she seems to have been 
the Widow Ann Lyford, who, in 1641-2, 
was at Hingham, as wife of Edmund 
Ilobart, and whose children, Ruth and 
Mordecai, then released some goods left 
by " their father, John." 

NoTK 2. (31dliam's after-life was ex- 
citing and tragic. Though Lyford went 
to Cape Ann, Oldham stayed at Nan- 
tasket, trading with the Indians, until, 
in 1626, he sailed for Virginia. At the 
Cape Cod shoals, the ship fell into such 
danger that destruction was imminent. 
The passe- ^ers fell to prayer, and to the 
confe?'-'on to each other of such sins as 
most burdened them. Oldham made full 
acknowledgment of all the wrongs which 
he had done, or meant to do, to the 
people of Plymouth ; as he had sought 
their ruin, he said, God had now met 
with him and might destroy him ; yea, 
he feared they all were faring the worse 
for his sake ; and he solemnly vowed to 
make amends, if God would forgive him. 
The vessel was saved, though turned 
back, and Oldham, strange to say, re- 
membered his pledge, lie treated the 
riymouth people with "an honorable 



respect," and once more declared the 
hand of God to bo with them. He re. 
ceived full permission to conic and go, 
and when, in 1628, the colony sent a 
state-prisoner to England, they entrust- 
ed him and the evidence against him, to 
their friend 01dham,who then went over. 

Oldham became a man of some note 
in the colony of Massachusetts Bay, and 
a member of its church, which, while 
"separating," vehemently disclaimed 
" Separation." He was a member of the 
first general court of magistrates and 
representatives which met at Boston, he 
being a " deputy " from Watertown. His 
chief employment was trading with the 
Narragansets, in connection with which 
he bought in their bay, of Canonicus, the 
beautiful island of one thousand acres, 
now called Prudence. Thereabouts, in 
1634, Master William Peirce went with 
the Rebecca, to bring away five hundred 
bushels of corn which Oldham had ac- 
cumulated ; and while there he saw at 
least one thousand Indians. 

In July, 1636, John Gallop, of Boston, 
while sailing home from the Connecti- 
cut, encountered Oldham's pinnace off 
Block Island, with her deck occupied 
by fourteen savages. Seeing that she 
had been ca])tured, he determined to 
retake her. His crew consisted of his 



* Edward Winslow, Chrun. Til., 389. 



WHAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN? 



T9 



and methods which, in an unnatural alliance with the cruelty and 
rapacity of bailiffs, had only been known to the seniors in the long- 
ago, now became associated in every mind with Lyford's frauds, 
vices, and sacrilege. 

There are those of us, yielding to none in loyalty to our ancestors, 
and feeling that, if we had been with them, we should have been of 
them, who regret the perversion of this opportunity to win them to 
perhaps some partial use of "that form of sound words,'" — a form 
Separatists were taught to regard as one of "stinted prayers" and 
" dumb reading," but which three centuries of churchmen have' found 
so ample for devotion, so increasingly rich in associations, and so 
grateful in all the conditions of humanity. Yet our fathers' ways 
were sanctified to them. Judge them by their works, through which, 
though dead, they still live. 



two young sons and a hired man. His 
lire-arms were two guns and two pis- 
tols, and for these he had only duck- 
shot. As he bore down, the savages 
stood ready to repel him with their sto- 
len weapons, but his shot so galled them, 
that they all ran below. Then, arm- 
ing his bow with his anchor, Gallop 
came on with all speed, and " rammed " 
the pinnace so violently, that six of the 
savages, terrified at this form of warfare, 
leaped into the sea and were drowned ; 
another stroke, and four followed them. 
Then, ranging alongside, Gallop grap- 
pled an Indian, and tying him, put him 
in his own hold. Next was taken the 
frightened sachem, who was the chief 
murderer, and he was bound ; but as 
Gallop did not dare to put him with the 
other prisoner (for they would have 
quickly released each other), he con- 
sulted safety by casting him into the 
sea. 

The two surviving pirates remaining 
concealed in Oldham's hold, Gallop ven- 
tured on board, for he had seen a man's 
body in the stern-sheets, hidden under a 
seine. While his crew covered him with 
their fire-arms, he examined the body, 
which was still warm, though the head 
was cleft, and the hands and feet had 
been in process of ami)utation when the 
attack began. The head was too bloody 



for recognition, and Gallop proceeded 
to wash it. Soon he exclaimed, "Ah, 
Brother Oldham ! Is it thou ? I am re- 
solved to avenge thy blood ! " 

Oldham, while peacefully trading, had 
been surprised and assassinated for the 
sake of plunder. His two Indian em- 
ployes had betrayed him ; and two boys, 
his kinsmen, who were with him, had 
been sent on shore as prisoners, but 
were eventually recovered through 
Roger Williams. 

Oldham's body was buried in the sea, 
which had just swallowed eleven of his 
murderers. The waves becoming too 
high for towing the pinnace home, ev- 
erything accessible was removed for the 
benefit of Oldham's family, and then she 
was set adrift. She reached the land in 
safety, with the two Indians in her. All 
the minor sachems of the Narraganset 
nation had been privy to this piracy and 
murder, but the two grand-sachems, 
whom Roger Williams had stimulated 
with six fathoms of beads, pursued and 
killed Adusah, the immediate assassin. 
His confederates escaped to the Pe- 
quods, whose league with them was one 
leading cause of the war which the next 
year annihilated that especially cruel 
and treacherous nation. 

Jonathan Brewster terms Oldham 
"brother." A Thomas Oldham was at 



20 



Tiir: ruKiTAW coNsnuACV. 



Diixlniry, 1643, •'^"'' Scituatc, 1650. The 
name was among those of Duxburv's 
Rcvolutionarv soldiers; and on the mon- 
ument to Plymouth's soldiers lost in the 
civil war, is the name of J. T. Oldham. 
The relationship of these to the famous 
John, is probable. 

NoTK 3. John Gallop died at lioston, 
1649, leaving 40J. for "the new meeting- 
house."* He was a Boston pilot, and 
probably the first professional one. His 
successors in that noble service are con- 
stantly reininded of him by a fine island 
in Boston Harbor, bearing his name. 
He left three sons, all seamen, and a 
widow. To John, Jr., he gave his shal- 
lop, and to the other sons his barque, in 
which their mother had a half-interest. 
John was killed at the Narragansct fort, 
1675, while captain of a Connecticut 
company. He took his first lesson in 
war at the attack on the murderers in 
Oldham's pinnace, and he fell thirty- 
nine years later, while liravely k-ading 



his men in the battle which destroyed 
the nation to which those murderers 
had belonged. 

NuTK 4. Conant's leading companions 
in the change from Cajie Ann to Naum- 
keag, were John Balch, John Woodbury, 
and Peter Palfrey; also, William Trask, 
captain in the Pequod war, and John 
Humj^hrey. All except Balch became 
members of the legislature in the fu- 
ture colony of Ma.s.sachusetts Bay, and 
all have a long line of worthy descend- 
ants, including many of eminence. 

Conant's wife seems to have been 
with him at Cape Ann, and was prob- 
ably at Plymouth. Their son, Roger, 
was the first-born white child of Salem. 
Balch, from a Somersetshire family, 
which dated from the Conquest, had a 
wife Annice, who may have come later, 
but they had, in 1629, at Salem, a son 
Benjamin (living 1706). Woodbury's 
wife was named Agnes, and Palfrey's, 
Edith. 



* The "Old South." 



The publishers beg leave to announce, as nearly ready for the press, — 

"THE PILGRIM REPUBLIC, 

A// Historical Review of the Colony of Neiv Plymojith,'' 

By Hon. John A. Goodwin, Trustee of Pilgrim Society of Plymouth, President 
of Lowell Shakspere Club, ex-Speaker of Massachusetts House of Represen- 
tatives, etc. ; also. Editor of Vox Popiili, Lowell, Mass. 

Recent discoveries have so completely changed the known history of the 
Pilgrim Fathers, that no book on the subject, issued so long as thirty-five 
years ago, is of much value. Until the researches in Europe of Hunter and 
Dexter, and the discovery of Bradford's History in 1855, many of the leading 
facts were unknown, and many more misunderstood. Within the time men- 
tioned, a degree of study and investigation has been brought to bear, which 
is loudly calling for a reconstruction of the Pilgrim narrative, in a form for 
the general reader. 

Mr. Goodwin has long been an enthusiastic student of this subject, and also 
a persistent explorer of the Old Colony, by sea and by land, endeavoring to 
verify by observation every topographical point. He is better known as a 
public speaker, a parliamentarian, and a journalist, than as the mariner and 
traveller that he was in early life ; but this prior experience has been of 
no small aid in his historical pursuits. 

While he modestly terms his work " An Historical Review," it is in fact 
a very complete history, in popular form, of the Pilgrims in their English 
homes, their Dutch halting-place, and their development at Plymouth into a 
permanent community. The subsequent affairs of the colony are also sketched 
with fullness, down to its dissolution in 1692. 

This work does not interfere with that just issued by Mr Davis; forwhile 
the latter deals with the local matters of the town of Plymouth, and espe- 
cially its genealogies, " The Pilgrim Republic " treats of the whole colony, its 
European origin, and its New England relations. In fact, one happily sup- 
plements the other. Of Mr. Goodwin's work. Rev. Dr. Dexter expresses the 
opinion that "it will meet, extremely well, a popular need"; and it is strongly 
commended by Judge Russell, President of the Pilgrim Society, and Hon. Amos 
Perry, Secretary of the Rhode Island Historical Society. 

The volume will be a large octavo, of about 500 pages, neatly Ijound, and 

printed on heavy tinted paper, in old-style type. Price $3.00 a copy. Orders 

solicited. 

CUPPLES, UPHAM & CO., 

Successors to A . IVilliains &" Co., 

283 Washington Street. 
Boston, Mass., July i, 1883. 



^, ^^ ^c:_ <c< 






j5r "15^ < <3: <iGC4 •:<i::<r 
d c«rcf cc ^rc' ' 

* cc Cx 

< CC cc *:<k 

c, f't^ic <c • cc d< ' — ^^ 
J "««:«. c < c <: 4 
c««sc:c c "c <c <: <^ 

_xc/ cc ^<:r<^ cc 









r <^ 

<!«Cjc c: 



'^ CC ^ c < 



cc c:^c:<-<^ «i 



<s: f c c 



''sm: cc 






vc c^< 

cc 

c:c( 
c:cv 

<:<'■ 

c< 

cc 
CO 

cc < 

cc i 

cc< < 

cc < 

t cc 

iuCCc 



CTc c < 

^^^^ 

dec- 

CTcc- 



fCc ^ 
-^. cCC < 

^ 'C c 

S^ cc 

- CL_ do 

.:■ "CO 

^: 'dcilllZr. c<: 
^^ '6' c«rtd <^ ^ 

d'^-c^fflcr <.c 
c:_^c^r'" c_c 
d'cc^c::'" c*c 

<:i.cc4ic: cc 
d^x«<c:: c!c 
d<' < «c: CSC 



rci' <ci cc 

' <r-'c> 
c c ' c 
:' d: C: 

—-■«<;• 

d'<<- C i 
d '**-- C 
d 'C d 

-^' <-«£. c 

CLTce C 
T d c 

:: d c 
d c 



c c ^^ 

cc <c 

cc 4s; 

^ c d~ 

< t <? 



;- d 
< c 



: cd 

c <xr 



'■> . C' 
'<2. C 

c c- 

<- c 



^^c <r 



<:[c^z cd 







>L vC d C:C <:<; 
Cd d' Cf C . dc 

cl<'' cr/: ci. c 
c<\ d ct d 

Ccc d: C;-'C- <c 
: c - dT <^^' d d 



d<^ <ir * <as::j 
d «: c <cc 

drdc<^d 

d«rc csd 

d£d C ^d 

d <^ c c«cr 

Cdc O C^ 
C7C c. C d 

Cc c < c^ d: 

Cc CcC5d 

cc ccd d 

cc CCC5 <:: 

Cc c c CdCT 

Cc < cd«^-d: 
Cc cd^ d: 

Cc c die dT 
c dc d 

.C' d'C d' 

^ d/(:< d: 

c< ^C'^ d^ 



C <- ^C c c ^^ 
^ < j^. < < '^ 
Od C c 
\ (■ CUT c c 

^ ^ > <icr c <L ^ 

Cc dCd d 
d c OCT cd c^ 

*d. <' <d" c <L 
d'c dl" Cd 
dc d dd 

"'^' d. • 
<c:: ' c- 



dr 
dc 

dd 

c d 

C. c 



cCd 

Cd 
C d" 

<d 
cc 

<c ■' 

< c 

cc < 

< c « 



c c 
C<. 
J c«c 
c c 

c < c 
. c c 
. c c 

c^^c 

CCd. 

c-sd 

CCC 

CCC 

CCd 



c C 

C C 



_ <cc 
L <c<: 

J '<Z.< 

, cc 

^ <Cc . 

" dc^ < 

c:c 
c c 
c c 
c < 
cc 

C c 

c c 

Ccd 

CCC 

dxd 
i 

CTdT 



cc-c c c c^ 

CCd C C cd ^ 

dc d< C d « dC d 

CcCd cc < _ 

Cddc. c c cC^!' 

ddCd CC ^dfcci 
<i'<^<3^ c c < dC^ 
C d dc c c < CI<('^^: ' 



d<3g CT f c -r dc c^ CT C^ 
<r c<r dl f c dec oc ce 
c cc <: - . ^:^^c «d c 

-^ '.. -^ (, ' . ^Z:<^'<^.^^3SZ: cc 
— - ^C-S. ^ ^ c dl'cCi cd cc 
d CC dc c c c d?cc« Cd c^ 
jc CCC dl cc cdl<^^ 
1 c cc Cd :c<i 
dec <::r ' <: cc«- cd:<c 
d_cc <:: <^ <:: c cl c<l < 
; cc c<r 

.- c c -^^ <Er/<:J: CCi- cC ' 

^, c c <c:< c »<i:'dc^« cdr-f 

^ c c d 0. < <7< ■ CCC cdc 
dec- d< ' di C<SC cd< 
d:^ c c d d^ cLcst c d^ 

= ^CCC 



d d:. <^ <c 
cr d d d 



. d d09C c 
<x< c 

d d CTd^A c 

<c d d cc^ < 
C d d cc^ < 

dd d C*r 

" d C d <5L 



<.- <:::: c?:^ <^.- ^^^ 



























«:ri«cc<^ 






_ ^ <r <tr ^ 

j:c::c:'<l<r< 






ZC..-C; <2r < 
<Z]c<:_<c< Off* 



3_c 



c: d 






cor 



'<^o (i_€. < '(ISCrC CT^^ig::, <g:'<fcg::.,. • 


















€Cv "<r<: ■ cc^ ^^ 



cc: • 



CSX C'^IL^^ 



d CC 4<X1C<1- 

--ex «c<- *^*^ 

_ CC cCjC ci<^ 
^ - «r^c CC Ci CI 



<3i;cc 



c c <-:■ 

..o .c • CI>C 

■ €■.>€■ ccoc^rc:, . 

(£'Vf Cf: 

4 r'. CX<C^Cl^^ - 



r ^ ccc:"^':; Ci^<^ 

: ■ cic«-' " 
^^^ ■ -■- — <i^s:; 

-< «cs-c::= 

■ct:<rc^ci . 

cc^c aCS:cCl. ' 

C c-n OCT C d 

ex- <3crcc:, 

^c .csCcc:^ 



(4_< C <it_C,_v^^j^-_ • 

"'cCC^^ ««CI_C, C «-:-;_ 

r.<«^r^;c,,<i 
-r<rcii^ 
rc^«i. 

-£X^^ ■:^C1 

re. -<£_ 






c<:-C c 



c<3t_ «S^C<C ^d'd, J" ^^ _ 

CC €TX<r ^d ^^d:.. <^d - V% ^ <c_ d 



2:C« <dd c_ d^ 

^"C "-Ci- < di ^tf^ . CCZC: C _ 

^<z <? '- <:z '-'^'- ^czd c ^- 

<3c:c:ci« 
. . d <dro cr <: 

"^d CL <dlddd 

^dfed^ <«^d^<^ 

d^ dd S^ 



Id d < 

d dici SI' 
^ <d c^: d 



c <:^S-^ 




LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



il I III I II J III llllll III lllll 

014 069 195 1 



,^^g[g*^R 





